Biology
Form IV
BIO-F4-03
✓ Verified TIE Syllabus
Growth and Development in Flowering Plants and Mammals
Biological growth and cell division: stages of mitosis, seed morphology, hypogeal vs epigeal germination, sigmoidal growth curves, and developmental milestones in humans.
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🎯 Syllabus Competencies & Learning Objectives
Key Competencies
- Main: 1.0 Demonstrate mastery of the concepts, principles and processes of Biology
- Specific: 1.1 Describe the physiological, anatomical and ecological processes of living organisms
Specific Learning Objectives
- Define biological growth and development.
- Describe the mitotic cell division cycle (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase).
- Differentiate between epigeal and hypogeal germination with named plant examples.
- Explain factors necessary for seed germination (water, oxygen, suitable temperature).
- Plot and interpret sigmoidal growth curves (lag, log/exponential, deceleration, stationary phases).
📖 Comprehensive Study Notes Summary
### Growth and Development
#### Mitosis Stages
1. **Prophase**: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers form.
2. **Metaphase**: Chromosomes align along the equatorial metaphase plate.
3. **Anaphase**: Sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite spindle poles.
4. **Telophase**: Nuclear envelopes reform around daughter nuclei; cytokinesis divides cytoplasm.
#### Types of Seed Germination
- **Epigeal Germination**: Hypocotyl elongates rapidly, arching and pulling cotyledons above ground (e.g. Bean, Sunflower, Castor oil).
- **Hypogeal Germination**: Epicotyl elongates while hypocotyl remains short; cotyledons remain buried underground (e.g. Maize, Pea).
#### Mitosis Stages
1. **Prophase**: Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers form.
2. **Metaphase**: Chromosomes align along the equatorial metaphase plate.
3. **Anaphase**: Sister chromatids pulled apart to opposite spindle poles.
4. **Telophase**: Nuclear envelopes reform around daughter nuclei; cytokinesis divides cytoplasm.
#### Types of Seed Germination
- **Epigeal Germination**: Hypocotyl elongates rapidly, arching and pulling cotyledons above ground (e.g. Bean, Sunflower, Castor oil).
- **Hypogeal Germination**: Epicotyl elongates while hypocotyl remains short; cotyledons remain buried underground (e.g. Maize, Pea).