Biology
Form III
BIO-F3-01
✓ Verified TIE Syllabus
Coordination in Plants and Animals
Comparative nervous and chemical integration: plant tropisms and auxins, human central and peripheral nervous systems, neuron histology, synaptic transmission, sensory organs (eye and ear), and endocrine hormones.
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🎯 Syllabus Competencies & Learning Objectives
Key Competencies
- Main: 1.0 Demonstrate mastery of the concepts, principles and processes of Biology
- Specific: 1.1 Describe the physiological, anatomical and ecological processes of living organisms
Specific Learning Objectives
- Describe plant tropic responses (phototropism, geotropism, hydrotropism) and the role of auxin.
- Describe the structural components of the human nervous system (brain, spinal cord, nerves).
- Draw and label sensory, relay, and motor neurons, explaining impulse transmission.
- Explain the anatomy of human sense organs, focusing on image formation and accommodation in the eye.
- Compare nervous coordination with hormonal (endocrine) coordination.
- Identify major endocrine glands, their hormones, and physiological effects.
📖 Comprehensive Study Notes Summary
### Coordination Systems
#### Plant Tropisms & Auxin Mechanism
Auxin (IAA) is synthesized in shoot and root apices. In shoots, auxin stimulates cell elongation. In phototropism, auxin diffuses to the shaded side, causing faster elongation and bending toward light. In roots, high auxin concentration inhibits elongation.
#### Nervous Coordination vs Endocrine Coordination
- **Nervous**: Electrical impulses via axons; rapid speed; short-lived response; localized target.
- **Endocrine**: Chemical messengers (hormones) transported in blood; slower speed; longer-lasting response; widespread target organs.
#### The Reflex Arc
Stimulus -> Receptor -> Sensory Neuron -> Synapse -> Relay Neuron (Spinal Cord) -> Motor Neuron -> Effector -> Response
#### The Human Eye: Accommodation
- **Focusing on Near Objects**: Ciliary muscles contract -> suspensory ligaments loosen -> lens becomes thicker/more convex.
- **Focusing on Distant Objects**: Ciliary muscles relax -> suspensory ligaments tighten -> lens pulled thin/flattened.
#### Plant Tropisms & Auxin Mechanism
Auxin (IAA) is synthesized in shoot and root apices. In shoots, auxin stimulates cell elongation. In phototropism, auxin diffuses to the shaded side, causing faster elongation and bending toward light. In roots, high auxin concentration inhibits elongation.
#### Nervous Coordination vs Endocrine Coordination
- **Nervous**: Electrical impulses via axons; rapid speed; short-lived response; localized target.
- **Endocrine**: Chemical messengers (hormones) transported in blood; slower speed; longer-lasting response; widespread target organs.
#### The Reflex Arc
Stimulus -> Receptor -> Sensory Neuron -> Synapse -> Relay Neuron (Spinal Cord) -> Motor Neuron -> Effector -> Response
#### The Human Eye: Accommodation
- **Focusing on Near Objects**: Ciliary muscles contract -> suspensory ligaments loosen -> lens becomes thicker/more convex.
- **Focusing on Distant Objects**: Ciliary muscles relax -> suspensory ligaments tighten -> lens pulled thin/flattened.